The benzyl alcohol acts as a bacteriostatic agent inhibiting bacterial growth without being bactericidal
The pharmacology is well described in the peer-reviewed literature, but clinical effect sizes vary by indication, dosing, individual factors, and adherence, which is a large part of why frequency cannot be generalized
However, a new study, focusing on heart failure, suggests more limited intake
This matters because many adults with low B12, whether from dietary restriction, aging, or conditions like pernicious anemia, cannot absorb enough B12 through food or oral supplements alone
So clearly there is something else going on