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As GLP-1(7-36)NH 2 , the endogenous ligand for GLP-1R, is enzymatically inactivated in the circulation within minutes and eliminated by glomerular filtration, a number of strategies have been used to develop pharmaceutically viable peptide GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1RAs) which remain active in the circulation for hours or days (A Andersen et al ., 2018)

Minor contaminants can alter research data and ruin entire study outcomes

Indeed, administering GLP-1R agonists into the fourth ventricle in mice decreases food intake and body weight [21, 22], and GLP-1R knockdown in NTS neurons increases food intake [23, 23]

Because sublingual tirzepatide is still under investigation, its safety profile via this route is not yet fully established

Both should be considered essential