Acknowledgments We thank Drs
Figure 3 Organoids are categorized based on their cell sources into two main types: tissue-derived organoids and pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids, including adult stem cells (ASCs), pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), and patient-derived organoids (PDOs)
Importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction can induce microglial activation via both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms (Figure 2) (235, 254)
Curcumin modulates covalent histone modification and Timp1 gene activation to protect against vascular injury in a hypertension rat model
FOXO4-DRI acts as a competitive inhibitor of this interaction binding directly to the transactivation domain 2 (TAD2) of p53, displacing FOXO4, and allowing phosphorylated p53 to be exported from the nucleus and directed to mitochondria, where it activates BAX, triggers caspase-3 cleavage (via the p53/BCL-2/Caspase-3 signalling pathway), and drives cell-intrinsic apoptosis