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Abbreviations AA: Ascorbic acid AJs: Adherens junctions Alb: Albumin AMPA receptor: -Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazole receptor AP-1: Activator protein-1 AQP4: Water channel protein-4 ASMs: Antiseizure medications Bax: Bcl2-associated X BBB: Blood-brain barrier Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2 BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor CAT: Catalase CBP: Calcium-binding proteins cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate CNTF: Ciliary neurotrophic factor COX: Cyclooxygenase DRE: Drug-resistant epilepsy ECs: Endothelial cells FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation GABA: -Aminobutyric acid GAD1: Glutamic acid decarboxylase GAT: GABA transporter GCLC: Glutamate cysteine ligase GDNF: Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor GFAP: Glial fiber acidic protein GGT: -Glutamyl transpeptidase Gln: Glutamine Glu: Glutamate GPx: Glutathioneperoxidase GR: Glutathione reductase GS: Glutamine synthetase GSH: Glutathione HDL: High-density lipoprotein HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 IFN-: Interferon- IKK: IB kinase IL: Interleukin iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase Kir 4.1: Inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1 LOX-15: Lipoxygenase 15 LPS: Lipopolysaccharides L-VSCC: L-type voltage-sensitive Ca 2+ channel MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MDA: Malondialdehyde MFS: Moss fiber germination MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase mPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 MADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH-OX: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphoribonucleotide oxidase NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-B NGF: Nerve growth factor NLR: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors NMDA receptor: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NO: Nitric oxide NSCs: Neural stem cells nNOS: Neuronal-type nitric oxide synthase NOS: Nitric oxide synthase NR2 A/B: NMDA receptor subunits 2A and 2B NSCs: Neural stem cells NT: Neurotrophin OL: Oligodendrocyte OPN: Osteopontin OS: Oxidative stress PARP-1: Poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 P-gp: P glycoprotein PLP: Pyridoxal phosphate PKC: Protein kinase C PRRs: Pattern recognition receptors RAR: Retinoic acid receptor RIP-1: Receptor-interacting protein 1 RIPK2: Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 RNS: Reactive nitrogen species ROS: Reactive oxygen species SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids SIRT1: Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1 SOD: Superoxide dismutase TAB: TAK-binding proteins TAK1: Transforming growth factor--activated kinase 1 THEM4: Thioredoxin superfamily member 4 TIRAP: Toll interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adapter protein TJs: Tight junctions TLE: Temporal lobe epilepsy TLR: Toll-like receptor TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- TRAF6: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 VD: Vitamin D VDH: Vitamin D hormone VDR: Vitamin D receptor VDREs: Vitamin D response elements ZO: Zonula occludens References Leonardi M, Ustun TB