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Conditions like inflammatory bowel diseases, pernicious anemia, and chronic gastritis damage the digestive system, making 15-25% of people more likely to develop a B12 deficiency
Basal mitophagy is essential for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, but excessive mitophagy induces mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal injury, and even cell death (Cherra et al., 2013
It may sound unpleasant, but when done right, administering such an injection can be virtually painless, and will allow the absorption of vitamin B12 over a 24-hour period
Under pathological conditions such as chronic hypoxia (Song et al., 2008) lead to accumulation of misfolded protein and ERS which elicit an adaptive response called the unfolded protein response (UPR)
