Joint Health Management Board
Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences
This means reactions may appear after multiple doses rather than necessarily with first exposure, as the immune system requires time to develop a response to the medication

High-FODMAP Foods Most Likely to Cause Bloating on GLP-1s These are the top offenders to watch: Cruciferous vegetables : Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and kale (especially raw) Legumes : Beans, lentils, chickpeas, and soy products Alliums : Onions, garlic, shallots, and leeks (major triggers even in small amounts) Certain fruits : Apples, pears, watermelon, cherries, mangoes, and stone fruits (peaches, plums) Dairy : Milk, soft cheeses, and yogurt with lactose (if you're sensitive) Wheat and grains : Bread, pasta, cereals, and products containing wheat, rye, or barley Sweeteners : Sugar alcohols like sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol (found in sugar-free gums, candies, and some protein bars) Other : Artichokes, asparagus, mushrooms, and high-fructose items like honey or agave Carbonated beverages and large portions amplify the problem by adding extra gas or overwhelming the slowed digestive system