Through further processing, the cargo is directed toward one of several potential fates: (i) delivery to specific organelles, (ii) fusion with lysosomes (pH ~5) to create endo-lysosomal vesicles (pH 4.5), where hydrolytic enzymes (such as proteases, lipases, phosphatases, and nucleases) degrade part of the trapped NPs as well as some cargo, (iii) secretion outside the cell via exosomes, or (iv) recycling back to the plasma membrane through reverse fusion events [53, 54]
Many chemotherapy drugs (e.g., cisplatin) and radiation therapy work precisely by generating massive amounts of oxidative stress to kill cancer cells
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