Dalmasso and colleagues (Gastroenterology, 2008, PMID 18061177) reported that KPV is taken up through the di- and tripeptide transporter PepT1, which is normally expressed in the small intestine and induced in the colon during inflammation, and that uptake was associated with reduced NF-B activation in human epithelial and immune cell lines
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Tryptophan is an essential amino acid obtained solely from the diet and serves as a precursor for serotonin synthesis and it can produce seratonin via tryptophan hydroxylase 1 activity in the intestinal enterochromaffin cells (Jenkins et al., 2016)
Scientific Reports 6 , 37374 (2016)