An intra-colonic injection of 180 mmol l 1 propionate (a total dose of ~0.45 mmol) vs saline control (matched for sodium content and pH) in anaesthetised rats resulted in a significant rise in circulating plasma PYY and GLP-1 levels (two-way ANOVA, effect of treatment P =0.024 and P =0.023, respectively)
Interestingly, research on clonal pancreatic -cells revealed that fatty acid load stimulated GIPR expression via the activation of PPAR- transcriptional factor under normoglycemia (99 mg/dL), but not during hyperglycemia (450 mg/dL) (59)
Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 107(14), 45434551.
They slow gastric emptying , reduce appetite signals in the brain, improve insulin sensitivity, and alter food reward pathways
GLP Medications Part 3: Pursuing Intuitive Eating While Taking GLP-1 Medications GLP Medications Part 3: Pursuing Intuitive Eating While Taking GLP-1 Medications Welcome back to our 3-part series on GLP-1 medications