b12 injections for horses Vitamin B-12 Injectable Solution Each dose is carefully measured to ensure accurate administration Vitamin B-12 Injectable Solution

Oral supplementation is more affordable and accessible but may be ineffective in individuals with gastric malabsorption

This approach has theoretical merit

Vitamin B12 There is four types of parenteral Vitamin B12 available: Cyanocobalamin 100 mcg/ml and 1000 mcg/ml best used as IM to prevent rapid loss via kidneys Hydroxycobalamin IM (compounded 1000 mcg/ml or more) known as long acting B12 (binds better to plasma proteins than cyanocobalamin) Methylcobalamin IV (compounded 1000 mcg or more up to 5000 mcg/ml) Adenosylcobalamin IV Common dose is 1000 mcg IM or IV Vitamin B12 as hydroxycobalamin is synthesized exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methylcobalamin = metabolically active form of Vitamin B12 Hydroxycobalamin is a chelator of cyanide and is used in cyanide poisoning Hydroxocobalamin is most generally used for vitamin B12 replacement therapy and is considered the drug of choice for vitamin B12 deficiency by the Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia (Sweetman, 2002) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Drugs

J Neurosci Res 69:509518

Seek urgent medical attention (via NHS 111 or 999 in an emergency) if you experience severe or persistent abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, signs of dehydration (such as dizziness, reduced urination, or extreme thirst), or symptoms suggestive of low blood sugar (such as shakiness, sweating, or confusion)