NAD+ is a coenzyme found in every cell that participates in hundreds of metabolic reactions
For example, peptides are responsible for functions such as digestion, metabolism, weight loss, sexual desire, inflammation, neuropathy, and a myriad of age-related conditions
Anyone who has a poor diet, GI disorder, gut dysbiosis (imbalanced gut microbiome), or gut inflammation will not be able to absorb oral vitamins
Excretion Pathways Limited data on combined excretion indicates[21]: Primarily renal elimination of peptide fragments from all components Hepatic metabolism contributes to overall clearance Copper recycling through normal physiological pathways (GHK-Cu component) No evidence of accumulation in chronic dosing studies of individual components BPC-157 detectable in urine for up to 4 days
[1] The NHS advises that taking up to 2mg (2000 micrograms) per day of vitamin B12 supplements is unlikely to cause harm