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Some high risk groups for vitamin B12 deficiency include: elderly people- often stomach acid production decreases with age individuals who have had intestinal surgery such as weight loss surgery or laparoscopies individuals with GI issues including celiac disease, IBD, IBS (MOST OF YOU!!!) those following a vegetarian or vegan diet- due to the lack of animal protein eaten (one of the main sources of B12) individuals with pernicious anemia- do not make intrinsic factor Notice how a fair amount of the high risk individuals are those with some sort of intestinal issue

TMAO formation: Carnitine can be metabolised into TMAOa compound linked to cardiovascular risk in observational research

2.2 GPX2 Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) is mainly expressed in the gastrointestinal system, including the intestinal epithelium, esophageal epithelial cells, etc., and can also be detected in the human liver ( 2 O 2 uptake is difficult to make the main function of GPX2

Bellack, A

[1] How do GLP-1 medications work