Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177140 207 LiuZHuangTHongYYangYChenWZengQet al
Oct 2002;24(7):582-584
Peres NTA, Lang EAS, Bitencourt TA, Oliveira VM, Fachin AL, Rossi A and Martinez-Rossi NM (2022) The bZIP Ap1 transcription factor is a negative regulator of virulence attributes of the anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum Curr Res Microb Sci 3:100132
Instituto Linus Pauling Universidad Estatal de Oregon Actualizado en Abril 2023 by: Victoria J