The copper is not freely available to catalyze reactions with other species at physiological pH
It incorporates key modifications, including 14E/17R mutations to stabilize an -helical segment via a salt bridge, multiple proline substitutions (25P, 28P, 29P) to reduce -sheet formation, and N-terminal C20 fatty diacid lipidation for reversible albumin binding (Kruse et al
The FDA also previously highlighted impurity and API characterization concerns for BPC-157 and MOTs-C and an absence of human exposure data for KPV
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