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Pharmacokinetics: Cyanocobalamin is administered intranasally, orally, and parenterally, while hydroxocobalamin is administered only parenterally. Once absorbed, vitamin B12 is highly bound to transcobalamin II, a specific B-globulin carrier protein and is distributed and stored primarily in the liver as coenzyme B12. The bone marrow also stores a significant amount of the absorbed vitamin B12. This vitamin crosses the placenta and is distributed into breast milk. Enterohepatic recirculation conserves systemic stores. The half-life is about 6 days (400 days in the liver). Elimination is primarily through the bile; however, excess cyanocobalamin is excreted unchanged in the urine
Saline (0.9 percent NaCl) should be avoided because chloride competes for Cu(II) coordination and destabilizes the GHK-Cu chelate
Evidence level: Sports regulation Sources: BPC-157: Experimental peptide prohibited in sport How to read this: Sports-prohibition status is separate from FDA approval and clinical evidence
Long-term human safety and efficacy remain under investigation [4]
Nonclinical programs should include organ-system panels, cardiovascular telemetry where appropriate, and full pathology review to characterize off-target consequences of chronic ERR activation
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