pernicious anemia refers to one of the hematologic manifestations of chronic auto-immune gastritis, in which the immune system targets the parietal cells of the stomach or intrinsic factor itself, leading to decreased absorption of vitamin B 12
Digestive issues, ageing, gastrointestinal surgery, and certain medications can also lead to malabsorption
While toxicity is rare, excessive intake of certain B vitamins (particularly B or B) from multiple sources could increase the risk of side effects (like niacin flush or peripheral neuropathy)
1,2 Although not clinically validated or available for widespread use, measurement of holotranscobalamin, the metabolically active form of vitamin B 12 , is an emerging method of detecting deficiency
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