In the absence of gastric parietal cell or intrinsic factor antibodies, gastroenterology consultation and other diagnostic tests (eg, endoscopy) may be necessary to determine the cause of cobalamin deficiency if a clear and sufficient explanation is not readily evident from the patient's history (eg, a long history of adherence to a vegan diet, nitrous oxide exposure in surgery or recreationally, history of fish tapeworm infection, or a history of bariatric surgery, gastrectomy, or surgical resection of the terminal ileum)
Any UK supplier making therapeutic claims about BPC-157 or TB-500 is operating outside regulatory compliance and should be avoided
Symptoms (muscle cramps, arrhythmias, fatigue) and dietary history often provide better clues than blood tests
Improved mood Vitamin B12 supplements may improve mood and ease depressive symptoms
Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, Radic B, Vukoja I, Seiwerth S, et al