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Pharmacokinetics: Cyanocobalamin is administered intranasally, orally, and parenterally, while hydroxocobalamin is administered only parenterally. Once absorbed, vitamin B12 is highly bound to transcobalamin II, a specific B-globulin carrier protein and is distributed and stored primarily in the liver as coenzyme B12. The bone marrow also stores a significant amount of the absorbed vitamin B12. This vitamin crosses the placenta and is distributed into breast milk. Enterohepatic recirculation conserves systemic stores. The half-life is about 6 days (400 days in the liver). Elimination is primarily through the bile; however, excess cyanocobalamin is excreted unchanged in the urine
Cellular optimization alone cannot show whether a treatment worked
One preclinical study (Valdecantos et al
[8] There is an evidence of effectiveness of homocysteine in reduction of GPx-3: GSH can be completely replaced by reduced homocysteine in vitro
As always, aim for quality pasture-raised beef liver
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